Ancient art in africa. 4–6 Clockwise from top left: Artist unidentified.

Ancient art in africa Africa's earliest evidence of written history was in Ancient Egypt, and the Egyptian calendar is still used as the standard for dating Bronze Age and Iron Age cultures throughout the region. Mertens and Marice E. European artists like Picasso were very interested in African sculptures and forms. c. Jul 16, 2024 · Ancient African symbols encompass a vast array of designs each carrying its unique significance and rooted deeply in the continent’s diverse cultures. , 2017). Rockefeller Vision: Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. Mar 9, 2022 · Ancient Ethiopian Art Culture. African Rock Art: Game Pass. and Mrs. African Rock Art of the Northern Zone. 4–6 Clockwise from top left: Artist unidentified. The collections from the Nigerian sites of Igbo-Ukwu, Ife, and Benin represent some of the most important early West African bronze-casting traditions and highlight the technical knowledge of metalworkers who used the lost-wax casting technique to create . Save. 0, via Wikimedia Commons History of North Africa (3500 B. These tools are Art of Ancient Africa. Dec 17, 2020 · These prehistoric rock paintings are in Manda Guéli Cave in the Ennedi Mountains, Chad, Central Africa. Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook; Guide to Byzantine Art; Guide to Ancient Roman Art; Guide to AP® Art History vol. It is time for Africa’s leaders to take a new and more active role. Daima and Sao Not far from the Nok area but very different in style, at Daima near Lake Chad , small, simple clay animal figures were by the 6th century bce being made by a population A History of Art in Africa covers all parts of the continent, including Egypt, from prehistory to the present day and includes the art of the African Diaspora. Ancient African treasures hold a wealth of history and cultural significance that is often overlooked. 3 (#99–152) See complete collection of titles; NEW TITLES; Reframing Art History a new kind of textbook; Guide to Byzantine art Nov 21, 2023 · African art history shows that the earliest sculptures were from Nigeria and go back to 55 B. In gold, stone and metals, ancient and medieval African artists have not only given us unique pieces of art to Oct 4, 2007 · A History of Art in Africa, Second Edition, is the only comprehensive art historical survey of the African continent to incorporate discussions of contemporary art and artists. Most elements of Egyptian art remained remarkably stable over this 3,000 year period, with relatively little outside influence. Dec 14, 2021 · Scholars today recognize Africa as the source of our common ancestry. However, there has been a lack of archeological excavations, which limits the level of knowledge Apr 11, 2023 · Cave paintings are prehistoric paintings and drawings that were created on cave walls and ceilings, some of which date back to as early as 40,000 years ago. Abstract marks made in ochre 73,000 years ago provide unique insight into minds of our distant ancestors In a narrower sense, Ancient Egyptian art refers to the second and third dynasty art developed in Egypt from 3000 BCE and used until the third century. African art history. The Sahara, located in northern Africa, was the home of many complex human settlements dating from the Neolithic period. 3 (#99–152) See complete collection of titles; NEW TITLES; Reframing Art History a new kind of textbook; Guide to Byzantine art Chapter Three takes a thematic approach to African art, including numerous case studies, while Chapter Four explores how religions--traditional, Christian, and Muslim--have impacted art and looks at how different types of societies--nomadic, small-scale, and kingdom-based--favor various types of art. E. The works in the collection The rock art of Central and East Africa is one of the least documented and well understood of the corpus of African rock art. Jul 18, 2002 · This new history of over 5,000 years of African art reveals its true diversity for the first time. Despite the influence of African art on the international scene “Africa’s rock art is the common heritage if all Africans, and it is more than that. The art of Ancient Africa was produced using a wide variety of materials. It is now well-established, through genetic and fossil evidence, that anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) developed in Africa more than 100,000 years ago; of these, a small group left the Continent around 60,000-80,000 years ago and spread Sep 20, 2016 · The impact of the African diaspora will be explored in a future article, but suffice it so say that there are numerous connections between ancient African fighting sports and the martial arts that Nov 11, 2022 · Some of the Gwion Gwion rock art paintings, in the Kimberley region of Australia, via the Smithsonian Humans have lived in the area that is now Kakadu National Park, in the Arnhem Land region of Australia’s northern coast, for about 60,000 years. A flake of stone from a cave in South Africa has experts debating when humans developed distinctly modern pursuits. The Sahara Desert of North Africa, the savanna of West Africa, and the rainforest of Central Africa shaped the way people lived their lives. Art in Ancient Egypt Volume 1 Apple Books, 2019: A Survey Art in Ancient Egypt from Predynastic Times to the Graeco-Roman Period. Art and our modern mind. While the Apollo 11 plaques may be the oldest discovered representational art in Africa, this is not the beginning of the story of art. In gold, stone and metals, ancient and medieval African artists have not only given us unique pieces of art to Oct 11, 2023 · African art has ancient origins, with some of the earliest known artworks being the rock paintings and engravings from sites like the Sahara Desert and Southern Africa. African rock art in the Sahara in present day Niger preserves 6000-year-old carvings. com. Africa. Below are just a few of the most notable rock art sites in Africa. Many aspects of visual culture are given detailed consideration, including sculpture, architecture, and such quintessentially African forms as masquerades, festivals, and personal adornment. Collectively called parietal art (from the Latin Art in Ancient Africa Africa is a huge continent with art and culture everywhere you look. [218] Some colonisers took interest in the other viewpoint and attempted to produce a more detailed history of Africa using oral sources and archaeology, however they received little recognition at the Dec 14, 2024 · The art of Nok indicates the antiquity of many basic canons of West African sculpture, but the precise relationship between ancient and modern forms is obscure. Cole and Michael D. Rock paintings and engravings are Africa’s oldest continuously practiced art form. 1 (#1–47) Guide to AP® Art History vol. The belief that Africa is the cradle of the history of mankind is virtually unshakeable. Jan 1, 2000 · It includes, notably, Africa north of the Sahara and the African diaspora, both of which embody some of the most important developments spatially and temporally in the history of African art. May 2, 2023 · First Signs of Art in Ancient Africa. But African artistic reality includes styles that largely exceed their ethnic origins and socio-religious Organized in five major parts, A History of Art in Africa covers every corner of the continent, including Egypt, from prehistory to the present day and includes the art of the African diaspora. As populations increase and vandalism and theft of Africa’s rock art are on the rise, this irreplaceable resource is highly threatened. The earliest known prehistoric art of Africa - such as the Blombos Cave Engravings (c. This indispensable introductory guide explores the art of the African continent from its early origins over 150,000 years ago to the contemporary, set in the context of postcolonial debates, the restitution of cultural objects and artifacts, and the challenges of the present. Dec 14, 2024 · African art - Sculpture, Masks, Textiles: Although wood is the best-known medium of African sculpture, many others are employed: copper alloys, iron, ivory, pottery, unfired clay, and, infrequently, stone. It has been scanned and digitized with the original graphics and illustrations redacted for Monica Blackmun Visonà, who now holds copyright to the entire text. Led by Monica Visonà and Robin Poynor, the team includes Herbert M. ” For updates on upcoming editions of 1–54 African Art Fair in New York, visit their Sep 12, 2018 · Oldest drawing ever found discovered in South African cave, archaeologists say. Some of the most well-known examples include the pyramids of Giza, Tutankhamun’s funerary mask, and the sculpture bust of Queen Nefertiti. Harris. It has often been thought that African art represents tradition alone. May 6, 2011 · A history of art in Africa by Visonà, Monica Blackmun, 1953-Publication date 2001 Topics Art, African, Art africain, Kunst Publisher New York : Harry N. From the pyramids of Egypt to the rock-hewn churches of Ethiopia, these treasures offer a glimpse into the rich and diverse civilizations that once thrived on the continent. It has a long history of making and creating. The text is complete, and chapters 1-5 include thumbnails with weblinks to alternate illustrations. There is little scope for Oct 31, 2024 · Kofi Annan, the renowned Ghanaian-born 7th Secretary General of the United Nations, said that the African rock art is one of the oldest monuments of human thought on earth. ) Ancient Egypt. African Rock Art: The Coldstream Stone. Visonà Ancient rock and cave art can be found throughout the Sahara desert, providing a significant window into the art and culture of the prehistoric peoples of Africa. Archaeologists have found remains of ancient African art dating back tens of thousands of years. Located on the southwest coast of Africa, the Apollo 11 caves housed slabs of rock displaying representations of Jan 15, 2021 · African art had a significant influence on Picasso, one of the most renowned artists of the 20th century and founder of the Cubist art movement. These paintings are found in caves all over the world, although the most famous examples are located in France and Spain. Lots of the art in Africa were discovered by Europeans when they colonised parts of the continent. Archaeologists have found paintings and engravings of humans, animals, and geometric Mar 31, 2021 · The indigenous San communities of southern Africa were originally hunting and gathering peoples. They believed that the land of the Ethiopians was located south of Egypt. In Greek mythology, the pygmies were the African race that lived furthest south on the fringes of the known world, where they engaged in mythic battles with cranes. 70,000 BCE), the Diepkloof Eggshell Engravings (c. This object is one of several Neolithic millstones and hand tools in the High’s African Art collection. —Ashley Arico, assistant curator of ancient Egyptian art. The diversity stems from the continent’s rich tapestry of tribes and Oct 4, 2007 · History of Art in Africa: Second Edition [Visona, Monica Blackmun, Poynor, Robin, Cole, Herbert M. African Rock Art. African The museum’s collection of nearly 12,000 African art objects represents nearly every area of the continent of Africa and contains a variety of media and art forms—textiles, photography, sculpture, pottery, painting and jewelry and video art—dating from ancient to contemporary times. Aug 24, 2023 · Indigenous nail art practices from Africa include henna, beading, painting and plant and clay ancient African nail art designs. Cave Painting. These manicures are not just nail art; they are living manifestations of a rich African culture painted with threads of heritage, pride, and artistic innovation. The culture of Ancient Africa was as diverse as the geography of the large continent. Much of what we know about Ancient Africa has been passed down orally over the years through storytellers called griots. We will see even older, buried, rock art images later, but for now let us travel back some 12,000 years to the end of the last Ice Age. Apr 29, 2020 · Although it doesn’t specifically cater to African art, it is known as the venue for the annual 1–54 African Art Fair which according to their website is “the leading international art fair dedicated to contemporary art from Africa and its diaspora. By the 1970s, a critical mass of scholarly expertise and experience, data, and interpretive perspectives inspired a new degree of analytical detail Dec 14, 2024 · African art - East Africa, Sculpture, Textiles: Agriculture and cattle raising are widespread in southern Sudan and neighbouring South Sudan, though the former is often despised and is engaged in with great reluctance. It is now well-established, through genetic and fossil evidence, that anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) developed in Africa more than 100,000 years ago; of these, a small group left the Continent around 60,000–80,000 Throughout history, art has been used to express one’s sense of self and reflect the worldviews of artists, patrons, and communities. Publication date 1978 Topics Art, Ancient -- Egypt -- Exhibitions, Art, Ancient -- Nubia Nov 14, 2023 · A concise, accessible, and up- to-date overview of the arts of Africa from prehistoric times to the present day. These areas have likewise either been either underrepresented or simply ignored by a majority of textbooks on African art. 4. 1950. An Introduction to Art and Culture in Ancient Egypt. Oct 25, 2012 · Roy Sieber received his PhD in art history in 1957, followed by Douglas Fraser in 1959 and Robert Farris Thompson in 1965; these three scholars established African art history in the United States. Works of art from across the continent dating to the 11th through the 20th century include a pair of Tyi Wara antelope headdresses from Mali, a carved elephant tusk from the Benin Kingdom in Nigeria, a royal veranda post carved by artist Olowe of Ise, and other significant wood carvings from West and Central Africa. Art in Ancient Egypt Volume 2 Apple Books, 2019: Art’s History in Europe Part 1: Prehistoric Europe, Egypt, Near East, Aegean, Greece Apple Books, 2014 African Lost-Wax Casting. Later, during the 13th century C. This exhibition pays homage to Diop by While the Apollo 11 plaques may be the oldest discovered representational art in Africa, this is not the beginning of the story of art. Similarly, the art of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa was influenced by Europe and Christianity. But in 1974, Senegalese scholar and humanist Cheikh Anta Diop shocked and challenged historians by asserting the influence of ancient African civilizations in his groundbreaking book The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality. , it was called the “Kingdom of Abyssinia”, and while the country used both names “Abyssinia” and “Ethiopia” interchangeably throughout centuries, it is seen to finally have rested on the name “Ethiopia” at the end of the 20th Algeria is Africa’s largest country and most of it falls within the Sahara Desert. Female figure for Komtin Society, ca. Dr. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. For further reading on the history of the department, see Making The Met: 1870-2020 and The Nelson A. Challenging centuries of misconceptions that have obscured the sophisticated nature of African art, Garlake focuses on seven key regions--southern Africa, Nubia, Aksum, the Niger River, West Africa, Great Zimbabwe, and the East African coast--treating each in detail and setting them in their Sep 12, 2018 · 73,000-Year-Old Doodle May Be World's Oldest Drawing. There is little scope for Key Ideas & Accomplishments . Similar petroglyphs can be found in rock escarpments throughout the Sahara, providing valuable clues to the people who inhabited and travelled through this region between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE. Here we find some of Africa’s oldest exposed rock paintings and engravings. In the dry deserts of the Sahara. It is the common heritage of humanity. It also hosts a rich rock art concentration. From the deserts of the north to the tropical forests of the central regions and the savannas of the south, storytelling has been a living tradition that carries the weight of history, morality, and communal identity. One of the greatest testaments to San history is the rock art found throughout the subcontinent African Cave Art Sites. -1850 C. Whether asserting individual and social status, cultural identity and affiliation, or interaction and exchange, the visual arts are a powerful communication device that has been recognized and utilized by artists and audiences from prehistory through the present. Unfortunately, a lot of African art was produced using wood, which has since been destroyed Ancient African art can be somewhat divided into regions. Abrams Apr 30, 2021 · In this gallery, we look at striking examples of art from across the African continent. . Wood and pigment, 15 1/8 x 4 1/16 x 4 5/8 in. Aug 26, 2021 · The prehistoric rock art of Africa is another discovery that gives us a peek at the rich world of ancient African art – we could also say these were the very first African “paintings” ever done. Life and Afterlife in Ancient Egypt opens February 11, Topics. The art of northern Africa was heavily influenced by the Arabs after the Islam conquest. African and African diaspora artists are also included in these Museum collections: Egyptian, Classical, Ancient Near Eastern Art; Arts of the Islamic World; Photography; Elizabeth A. However, in recent years scholars have undertaken some comprehensive reviews of existing sites and surveys of new sites to open up the debates and more fully understand the complexities of this region. Apr 30, 2021 · View Full-Size Image. They represent hundreds of distinct cultures and the individual artists within them, spread out over millennia and vast distances. Suitable for an entire article on its own, rock art spans many locations in Africa. –?) Africans in Ancient Greek Art. The prize ox could indeed be regarded as their sculpture. Below are some examples of the earliest art found in ancient Africa. May 25, 2023 · A significant influence of these ancient art forms is seen in contemporary art and culture. This enormous and complex field of study, once under-appreciated by the Western art world, is now of global importance Aug 16, 2021 · Nonetheless, most ancient Greeks had only a vague understanding of African geography. The origins of African art history lie long before recorded history, preserved in the obscurity of time. SMARTHISTORY BOOKS; Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook; Guide to Byzantine Art; Guide to Ancient Roman Art; Guide to AP® Art History vol. Here you can read brief summaries of important events in the visual arts, and find links to articles for further reading. C. Figs. African Rock Art of the Southern Zone. 13; Artist unidentified. The surviving rock art there is 25,000 years old at most; the last painting before the area This Bulletin highlights five millennia of extraordinary artistic production on the African continent. In the “African Period” of his career, which lasted from 1906 to 1909, he painted in a style strongly inspired by African sculpture. This prehistoric Saharan rock carving from Wadi Mathendous in the Fezzan, Libya depicts two cats fighting. The origins of African art lie long before recorded history. Unfired clay is—and probably always was—the most widely used medium in the whole continent, but, partly because it is so fragile and therefore difficult to collect, it has been largely These object records—an ongoing research project—also provide data on the history of works from the time of their creation to their acquisition by the Museum. 9 (70 reviews) Flashcards; Learn; Test; _____ is an ancient African location that archeologists believe was first settled in 200BC Dec 12, 2023 · Unique, prehistoric rock art drawings have been discovered in the Andriamamelo Cave in western Madagascar. From Picasso’s fascination with African art to the use of cave painting motifs in graphic design Apr 23, 2024 · The ancient art of storytelling in Africa is as colourful and diverse as the continent. 60,000 BCE), or the Apollo 11 Cave Stones (25,500-23,500 BCE) - was probably the work of yellow-skinned Bushmen, the aboriginal peoples of southern Africa. Bronze-casting dates back to at least the 9–10th centuries in West Africa and casting in copper alloy remains a vibrant industry today. Collection; From the Curator Included are a brief introduction and history of the continent, an explanation of the role of visual expression in Africa, descriptions of the form and function of the works, lesson plans, class activities, a map, comparisons, a bibliography, and a glossary. 2 (#48–98) Guide to AP® Art History vol. The title pays special homage to Senegalese scholar and humanist Cheikh Anta Diop, whose book The Feb 8, 2022 · The dynamic new space continues our long legacy of celebrating the arts of this ancient African culture and continually looking at even the oldest objects in our collection with fresh perspectives. 3 (#99–152) See complete collection of titles; NEW TITLES; Reframing Art History a new kind of textbook; Guide to Byzantine art Oral sources were deprecated and dismissed by most historians, giving them the impression Africa had no history and little desire to create it. Rose. Such prehistoric art preserves the stories that sprouted from the very beginnings of the human imagination. African art includes prehistoric and ancient art, the Islamic art of West Africa, the Christian art of East Africa, and the traditional artifacts of these, and other regions. Her many books include A History of Art in Africa (co-author, 2000), Royal Arts of Africa (2012), Art and Risk in Ancient Yoruba (2015) and The Image of the Black in African and Asian Art (with David Bindman and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. It challenges current perceptions of African Art and presents it as intellectual and intentional in it's own right, rather than as intuitive or primal impulses, as it has been previously perceived. African Rock Art of the Central Zone. Rock art in Africa is diverse in subject, technique, and age. African Rock Art: Tassili-n-Ajjer (?8000 B. The history of African art is approached generally—and wrongly—starting from the ethnic origin of its objects. In gold, stone and metals, ancient and medieval African artists have not only given us unique pieces of art to Works from pharaonic Egypt are represented outside of this collection, as are most Northern African works. Today, many contemporary artists are influenced by tradition-based African art forms just as European avant-garde artists like Pablo Picasso, André Derain, and Georges Braque looked to abstract African sculpture as a source of inspiration for their artwork in the late 1880s. These educational materials are made possible by Mr. Camels have been painted over earlier images of cattle, perhaps reflecting climatic changes; David Stanley from Nanaimo, Canada, CC BY 2. Exploring and preserving these artifacts is not only important for understanding africa's Karageorghis, Vassos, in collaboration with Joan R. Ancient Art from Cyprus: The Cesnola Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Gift of the Raymond and Laura Wielgus Collection in memory of Roy Sieber, Eskenazi Museum of Art, Indiana University, 2005. Significant moments in African art history. The Islamic influence and the Christian arts of Ethiopia and Nubia are treated as fully African expressions, as are tourist arts and the fascinating Oct 29, 2021 · Women and Art, in Africa installations and performance Installations Africa’s art history provides examples of women who were artists, sources of inspiration for artists, patrons of the arts, and entrepreneurs who supported the arts. There is also the well preserved art of Ancient Egypt found in temples and burial chambers. The giraffe carvings, however, are but the jewel in the crown; this remarkable area of contrasts contains thousands of rock art sites. ] on Amazon. Marvin H. 12,000 years ago much of the Sahara was a wet and rich grassland supporting great herds of plains animals. History of Art in Africa: Second Edition Jan 1, 2004 · A History of Art in Africa shows how African Art has developed from beliefs, traditions, cultural and historical influences. Jan 19, 2024 · I hope that by providing examples of how Africans have contributed to the evolution of art and design history, it leads to a more inclusive telling of history. They’re the Africa in antiquity : the arts of ancient Nubia and the Sudan. In that sense, ancient art is a marker for this cognitive shift: Find early paintings, particularly figurative representations like animals, and you’ve found evidence for the modern human mind. Egyptian art and architecture, the architectural monuments, sculptures, paintings, and applied crafts of ancient Egypt. Afro-Portuguese Ivories. African art history has played a significant role in shaping the culture and history of the world. Among peoples such as the Nuer and the Dinka, cattle are a source of aesthetic satisfaction. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. 24,000 BC Apr 30, 2021 · In this gallery, we look at striking examples of art from across the African continent. The earliest known sculptures are from the Nok culture of Nigeria, made around 500 B. Apollo 11 Caves in Namibia. Montol, Nigeria. Nov 14, 2023 · This indispensable introductory guide explores the art of the African continent from its early origins over 150,000 years ago to the contemporary, set in the context of postcolonial debates, the restitution of cultural objects and artifacts, and the challenges of the present. 3 (#99–152) See complete collection of titles; NEW TITLES; Reframing Art History a Mar 27, 2019 · Famous for the distinctive terracotta sculptures of human heads and figures, Nok was the first known culture in West Africa to produce such art and perhaps the first sub-Saharan culture to perfect iron-smelting technology. Dec 14, 2024 · African art, the visual arts of native Africa, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, including such media as sculpture, painting, pottery, rock art, textiles, masks, personal decoration, and jewelry. Schein. Key Ideas & Accomplishments . The cave paintings and engravings of Africa spans an entire continent and much of human (pre-)history. Several case studies Mar 2, 2023 · By Merilyn Butt BA Archaeology w/ Ancient History-Anthropology Concentration Merilyn has a BA in Archaeology with concentrations in Ancient History and Anthropology from the University of Queensland and has spent 10 years teaching students to have an appreciation for History. These carvings have now been studied in detail by the Bradshaw Foundation and the Trust for African Rock Art, under the auspices of the French rock art researcher Jean Clottes. Apr 30, 2021 · In this gallery, we look at striking examples of art from across the African continent. I was part of a team that discovered and described these ancient treasures. These symbols are not only aesthetic representations but also hold profound communicative values used to convey traditional wisdom, cultural identity, and historical tales. Art in Ancient Egypt Volume 2 Apple Books, 2019: Art’s History in Europe Part 1: Prehistoric Europe, Egypt, Near East, Aegean, Greece Apple Books, 2014: The Feb 19, 2021 · The smooth, oblong tool below is an ancient grain cultivation implement. It is both a reliable resource for art historians and an accessible introduction to the vibrant arts of Africa. 0, via Wikimedia Commons An Introduction to Art and Culture in Ancient Egypt. Art since 1980; Books. Sep 28, 2023 · This is an adapted version of the second edition of A History of Art in Africa, published in 2008 by Pearson/Prentice Hall. Amongst the best-known examples of traditional African art are the striking masks produced by many cultures across the continent: from the Zamble masks of the Guro culture (located in present-day Ivory Coast), to Yoruba, Lulua, and Goma facial adornments - created by communities in Nigeria, Congo, and Tanzania. Ethiopia was initially called the “Kingdom of Aksum”, during its ancient times. The Age of Each style takes place through particular forms. Most of the sites are found in the south east of the country near its borders with Libya and Niger but there are also important concentrations in the Algerian Maghreb and in the Hoggar Mountains in the central south. Depictions of elegant human figures, richly hued animals, and figures combining human and animal features—called therianthropes and associated with shamanism—continue to inspire admiration for their sophistication, energy, and direct, powerful forms. She spends her downtime painting, hiking, and gardening but will Dec 2, 2024 · The rock art of Bhimbetka provides a rare glimpse at a sequence of cultural development from early nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled cultivators and their expressions of spirituality. Sackler Center for Feminist Art; and Contemporary Art. Art and design history frequently begin with cave paintings. Twenty-one pairings unite masterpieces from the Museum’s collections of ancient Egyptian and West and Central African art to reveal unexpected parallels and contrasts across time and cultures. In most design history texts, such as Philip Meggs’s popular reference book “Meggs’ History of Graphic A History of Art in Africa is the product of two decades of research and writing by a team of scholars who represent Africanist art historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, and other teachers of African visual culture in the United States. vtitjd xzua xma mnhjw pwwtqfi nzcd mtrv khkgj gjwg sjkp