Meiosis 2 diagram. This results in 1/2 as many chromosomes per cell. Meiosis is sometimes called "reduction division" because it reduces the number of chromosomes to half the normal number so that, when fusion of sperm and egg occurs, baby will have the correct number. The alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another. Figure 11. around the chromosomes. During mitosis the sister chromatids separate and go to opposite ends of the dividing cell. May 16, 2023 · Learn about meiosis, a cell division process that produces four haploid cells from a diploid cell. , diploid. Crossing over of maternal and paternal chromotids. segregation of sister chromatids. At the time of Meiosis II, two haploid (n = 2) cells divide into four haploid (n = 2 Meiosis is a form of nuclear division that results in the production of haploid cells from diploid cells. Two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II, are required to produce gametes (Figure 3). Definition. 3. During meiosis, two cell divisions separate the paired chromosomes in the nucleus and then separate the chromatids that were made during an earlier stage of the cell’s life cycle, resulting in gametes that However, during meiosis there are two cell divisions, and the cell goes through each phase twice (so there’s prophase I, prophase II, etc. , The endomembrane system Drag the labels onto the flowchart to trace the movement of proteins through the endomembrane system and out of the Jan 19, 2021 · Thanks for watching! I am demonstrating the colorful diagram of MEIOSIS (CELL DIVISION) step by step which you can draw very easily. Aug 19, 2021 · Figure: Metaphase 1 in Meiosis. During meiosis II, the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and move toward opposite poles. Anaphase: The sister chromatids are separated. Meiosis begins with a diploid cell and ends with four haploid cells. Creates. Diploid cells become haploid. . Meiosis involves two divisions. Meiosis consists of two sequential rounds of cell division, meiosis I and meiosis II, each with distinct stages. This means that the cells that result from meiosis II will have the same number of chromosomes as the "parent" cells that entered meiosis II. At the end of meiosis I, there will be 2 haploid daughter cells, one with n+1 and the other with n-1. Feb 23, 2019 · Meiosis Worksheet. After the G 2 phase is complete, the cells enter Prophase I. These phases occur in strict sequential order, and cytokinesis - the process of dividing the cell contents to make two Oct 27, 2020 · During prophase II of meiosis II, four important steps occur. It starts with prophase II, where the nuclear envelope dissolves and chromosomes condense. Stages of Meiosis. Since the DNA is duplicated only prior to the first division, the final result is 4 haploid cells: 4 Objective 1 DNA duplication during interphase Meiosis I Meiosis II Overview of meiosis in a cell where 2N = 6 After meiosis I the meiosis is a form of cell division which produces four non-identical, haploid sex cells or gametes (sperm and ova in humans) Next page. 2 Overview of Meiosis. Cells from a diploid protist with n=1 are followed through mitosis and meiosis. Before entering meiosis I, a cell must first go through interphase. Multiple Choice. Meiosis II. These are the condensing of chromatin into chromosomes, disintegration of the nuclear envelope, migration of centrosomes to either pole, and the reconstruction of the spindle apparatus. Credit: National Human Genome Research Institute Meiosis in brief: Before the cell enters meiosis, the chromosomes in a cell are duplicated (during the interphase). Meiosis II initiates immediately after cytokinesis, usually before the chromosomes have fully decondensed. Jun 11, 2020 · Learn about meiosis, the process of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in sexually-reproducing animals. Synapsis. Feb 24, 2012 · Meiosis is a type of cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half. Phases of meiosis II. Meiosis is a type of cell division in which a single cell undergoes division twice to produce four haploid daughter cells. Meiosis occurs in two rounds of cellular division. Metaphase 2. The key events that happen in each of the stages of meiosis are summarized. It has many similarities to mitosis however it has two divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate, and Mitosis is the process of cell division wherein the chromosomes replicate and get equally distributed into two daughter cells. Meiosis I is a unique cell division that Figure 11. ”. Van Benedin, while working on the horse thread­worm (Parascarisequorum), observed in 1883 that there were Oogenesis. Metaphase II in Meiosis. Nondisjunction in meiosis II results from the failure of the sister chromatids to separate during anaphase II. In meiosis I the result is two diploid cells that contain the same amount of DNA as the original parent cell. 3. Meiosis II is a process that helps cells divide and create gametes, which are needed for sexual reproduction. During prophase I, chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material, creating more variation. 1 17. The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the kinetochore microtubules and move toward opposite poles. S phase, the cell undergoes DNA replication. Aug 3, 2023 · Meiosis: Phases, Stages, Applications with Diagram. Which of the following correctly describes the process being illustrated? Mutation in which DNA content of the genes is altered. Meiosis II Diagram. Post-Lab Questions. Homologous chromosomes pair to form a tetrad (4 pairs of chromotids) Prophase 1. 6: Meiosis. The cell grows, copies its chromosomes and prepares for division during the G 1 phase, S phase, and G 2 phase of interphase. Tetrads or bivalents (a pair of chromosomes with four chromatids (2 originals, 2 copies) are pulled into line at what is known as the metaphase (or equatorial) plate. Comparing mitosis and meiosis. Prophase I. During prophase I, the complex of Feb 5, 2024 · Meiosis II is also responsible for the genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms, particularly humans. During anaphase II, sister chromatids separate and move Jul 17, 2019 · Ed Reschke/Getty Images. Image Source: Wikipedia. Meiosis II, in which the second round of meiotic division takes place in a way that is similar to mitosis, includes prophase II, prometaphase II, and so on. Meiosis II is a lot like mitosis, except that instead of two identical diploid daughter cells as in mitosis, meiosis II ends with four haploid, genetically different daughter cells. Prophase 2. Strictly applied, the term mitosis is used to describe the duplication and distribution of chromosomes, the structures that carry the Download 174 Meiosis Diagram Stock Illustrations, Vectors & Clipart for FREE or amazingly low rates! New users enjoy 60% OFF. This is the phase in which the meiotic spindles of the two daughter cells formed during the initial meiotic division begin to pull the chromosomes back to the metaphase plate. G 2 phase, the cell makes proteins that are needed for meiosis. Sexual life cycles involve an alternation between meiosis and fertilization. The nuclear division that forms haploid cells, which is called meiosis, is related to mitosis. In anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes are Nov 21, 2023 · Telophase. Each meiotic division is divided in prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Some textbooks list five, breaking prophase into an early phase (called prophase) and a late phase (called prometaphase). Meiotic cells have an interphase stage before the start of meiosis I which is similar to mitosis. These two gametes (spermatozoa and ova Oct 31, 2023 · Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis) Gametogenesis, the production of sperm and eggs, takes place through the process of meiosis. Telophase and cytokinesis: The nuclear envelope begins to form again and the Jun 12, 2021 · Nondisjunction: Meiosis is the fundamental process that is behind sexual reproduction with the formation of offspring that are genetically unique from each other and ever from their parents. Meiosis is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing eukaryotes, resulting in four daughter cells (gametes), each of which has half the number of chromosomes as compared to the original diploid parent cell. Once they are no longer connected, the former chromatids are called unreplicated chromosomes. Oct 31, 2023 · Anaphase II. Oogenesis, ovogenesis, or oögenesis ( / ˌoʊ. Meiosis is preceded by an interphase consisting of G 1, S, and G 2 phases, which are nearly identical to the phases preceding mitosis. ). Learn how meiosis II produces four haploid cells from two haploid cells without DNA replication. The diagram of meiosis is beneficial for class 10 and 12 and is frequently asked in the examinations. In some species, cells enter a brief interphase, or interkinesis, before entering meiosis II. Two gametes fuse during fertilization, forming a diploid cell ( zygote) with a complete set of paired In meiosis II, the phases are, again, analogous to mitosis: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II (see figure below). Independent assortment. 3: Meiosis is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. It takes place in all sexually reproducing organisms. Meiosis is the mechanism used to reduce diploid cells to haploid gametes while introducing genetic diversity. This is due to the processes of independent assortment and crossing over. Meiosis can be a difficult concept to understand because it is a reduction division that results in unique gametes due to 2. Meiosis I. The chromosome number in each daughter cell is equal to that in the parent cell, i. Meiosis II is now in its second phase. DNA replication precedes the start of meiosis I. Figure 17. All eukaryotic cells replicate via mitosis, except germline cells that undergo meiosis (see below) to produce gametes (eggs and sperm). There are several key differences between meiosis and mitosis that are summarized in the following table: Table 1. Oct 27, 2020 · In the first stage – meiosis I – a single cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes. Feb 11, 2021 - Here division of chromosome means separation of chromatids. As the only cells that are created by meiosis are sperm and egg cells, this makes sense. The second division ismeiosis II: this division is like mitosis; the number of chromosomes does not get reduced. During meiosis II, the two diploid daughter cells divide in order to produce a total of four haploid daughter cells, each with a single copy of every chromosome (only 23 chromosomes total per cell). As shown in the figure below, meiosis II begins with two haploid ( n = 2) cells and ends with four haploid ( n = 2) cells. If the nuclear envelope was re-made after telophase I, it will break Jul 18, 2023 · 6. The haploid cells become gametes, which by union with another haploid cell during Apr 19, 2024 · The process of meiosis is characteristic of organisms that reproduce sexually and have a diploid set of chromosomes in the nucleus. 1 11. In prometaphase I, microtubules attach to the fused In meiosis I, cells go through four phases: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. This plate does not actually exist but is an imaginary central line along which the chromosomes are positioned. Previous page. The four gametes produced at the end of meiosis II are The primary difference is that in meiosis II only one member of each homolog pair is present, whereas in mitosis both are. 1: Meiosis I vs. -- Mitosis Video: https://goo. Mitosis and the cell cycle. In Meiosis I, Prophase I is characterized by chromosomal condensation, homologous chromosome pairing (synapsis), and crossing over, where genetic material is exchanged. Begins after chromosome replicates during S phase of inter-phase (2 diploids) Location. Mitosis is the process by which body cells divide and create copies of themselves for growth and repair. In humans (2n = 46), who have 23 pairs of chromosomes, the number of chromosomes remains unchanged from the beginning till the end of meiosis II (n Meiosis is preceded by an interphase consisting of G 1, S, and G 2 phases, which are nearly identical to the phases preceding mitosis. This process is essential for growth and repair in the body. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells and results in two identical daughter cells with a diploid (2n) number of chromosomes. all the cells in your body except sex cells. 1: In prometaphase I, microtubules attach to the fused kinetochores of homologous chromosomes. In this process, a diploid parent cell divides into four genetically different haploid cells with non-duplicated chromosomes. Meiosis I involves the separation of duplicated homologous chromosomes resulting in 2 daughter cells with the haploid number. , The second stage of meiosis Drag each image to the phase of meiosis II it depicts. Anaphase I separates homologous pairs, while telophase I forms two new cells with a There are two divisions in meiosis; the first division is meiosis I: the number of cells is doubled but the number of chromosomes is not. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. The first round of division begins with one diploid parent cell and ends with two haploid daughter cells. 6. The G 1 phase (the “first gap phase”) is focused on cell growth. The cells produced are known as the sex cells or gametes (sperms and egg). gl/sugAhv-- Transcription & Translatio Types of sexual life cycles. As an example, consider the meiosis II diagram below, which shows the end products of meiosis for a simple cell with a diploid number of 2n = 4 chromosomes. This is the same interphase that occurs before mitosis. During meiosis one cell divides twice to form four daughter cells. Meiosis 1. It is this step in meiosis that generates genetic diversity. In Metaphase I, homologous chromosome pairs align at the cell's Meiosis produces daughter cells that are genetically different from each other and to the parent cell. Within each division there are the following stages: prophase The gametes produced in meiosis aren’t genetically identical to the starting cell, and they also aren’t identical to one another. Chromosomes become shorter and thicker. In meiosis II, these two daughter cells split again, this time each containing 23 chromosomes, not chromosome pairs. At the time of Meiosis II, two haploid (n = 2) cells divide into four haploid (n = 2 We will examine the stages of meiosis in a diploid cell where 2N = 6 Meiosis involves 2 consecutive cell divisions. Apr 29, 2020 · Meiosis is a type of cell division whereby the cell divides two times through two phases known as Meiosis I and Meiosis II to form 4 daughter cells. Before a dividing cell enters meiosis, it undergoes a period of growth called interphase. It produces gametes in plants and animals that are used in sexual reproduction. As shown in the figure below, meiosis II begins with two haploid (n = 2) cells and ends with four haploid (n = 2) cells. process of cell division that forms two new cells (daughter cells), each of which has the same number of chromosomes. Mar 24, 2011 · Meiosis, the process by which sexually-reproducing organisms generate gametes (sex cells), is an essential precondition for the normal formation of the embryo. There are two stages or phases of meiosis: meiosis I and meiosis II. The cytoplasmic division is part of every step in the process. Oogenesis is initiated in the embryonic stage. Telophase II. During telophase, the two new daughter cells form nuclear membranes that separate the DNA May 2, 2024 · As seen in the diagram of meiosis, it is a two-step process in which cells are divided, called meiosis I and II. mitosis, a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells. In meiosis I, chromosomes in a diploid cell resegregate, producing four haploid daughter cells. The drawings in the figure below represent the chromosomes. What happens between these two events, however, can differ a lot between different organisms Nov 21, 2023 · Metaphase: The chromosomes are lined up along the metaphase plate. Meiosis I and meiosis II each have the following 4 steps: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Mitosis and meiosis are two different types of cell division. condensation and segregation of alleles. The daughter cells divide again in meiosis II, splitting up sister chromatids to form haploid gametes. əˈdʒɛnɪsɪs / [1]) is the differentiation of the ovum (egg cell) into a cell competent to further develop when fertilized. Cell differentiation. Meiosis. The second round starts with two haploid parent cells and ends with four haploid daughter cells; these cells contain only one copy of genetic material. During anaphase II, the third step of meiosis II, the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move toward opposite poles. During anaphase II, sister chromatids are separated . Hence, mitosis is known as equational division. On the other hand, meiosis occurs in germ cells and produces four non Meiosis II happens in four stages: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II plus cytokinesis. The steps of meiosis II are summarised below: a) Prophase II . During the S phase—the second phase of interphase—the cell copies or replicates the DNA of the chromosomes. Aug 3, 2023 · Metaphase is a stage of the cell cycle occurring in both mitosis and meiosis cell division processes. See diagrams of meiosis I and meiosis II, and how they differ from mitosis. “Oogenesis is the process of formation of female gametes. G1 phase: The period prior to the synthesis of DNA. sex cells only; Female egg cells or Male sperm cells. Q3. In mitosis, both the parent and the daughter nuclei are at the same ploidy level—diploid for most …. 2. Meiosis Clearly Explained and Simplified. [2] It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation. Prior to meiosis, chromosomes are replicated in S-phase to ensure proper number of chromosomes in the resulting gametes. In meiosis, the chromosomes duplicate (during interphase) and homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information ( chromosomal crossover) during the first division, called meiosis I. Non-kinetochore microtubules elongate the cell. May 30, 2022 · Figure 2: meiosis diagram showing the chromosomal changes during different steps of meiosis. MEIOSIS I Prophase I of meiosis I is further subdivided in Leptotene After replication (“1” below), there’s meiosis 1 (which is shown as “2” in the diagram below), followed by meiosis 2 (“3” below) Focusing solely on homologous pairs and sister chromatids, here’s what happens during each division: Meiosis 1 (“2” below): homologous pairs are separated. During metaphase in mitosis and meiosis, the chromosomes condense and they become visible and distinguishable during alignment at the center of the dividing cell, to form a metaphase plate at the center of the cell. Nondisjunction in meiosis I occurs when the tetrads fail to separate during anaphase I. These four daughter cells only have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell – they are haploid. 243,627,556 stock photos online. While meiosis certainly evolved from mitosis itself, the former had acquired few novel steps that are distinct from the latter: pairing of the homologous 4. Once the first meiosis is complete, the daughter cells usually go into a short resting stage which is the interphase 2. This process occurs only in the sex cells which are spermatozoa and ova. Diploid eukaryotic cell enters in meiosis, divides twice to form haploid daughter cells, also called gametes. Meiosis II happens in four stages: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II plus cytokinesis. The phases have the same names as those of Meiosis I. Then, in metaphase II, chromosomes line up along the cell's middle. Each daughter cell contains half of the parent’s number of chromosomes. Sexual reproduction requires fertilization, a union of two cells from two individual organisms. In meiosis, the new cells have half the genetic material of the parent cell and is the process by which egg and sperm cells are formed. Oogenesis is the type of gametogenesis through which ova, also called the female gametes are formed and the produced female gamete is known as an ovum. Interkinesis lacks an S phase, so chromosomes are not duplicated. 1 Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis in Humans (Diploid #46) Cell Processes. The meiosis cell cycle has two main stages of division -- Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Oct 27, 2020 · In meiosis I, the lining-up stage of metaphase I is relatively rapid. Therefore the purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes, the sperm and eggs, with half of the genetic complement of the parent cells. Aug 14, 2023 · Mitotic nondisjunction can occur due to the inactivation of either topoisomerase II, condensin, or separase. Mitosis consists of four basic phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Interphase Meiosis is preceded by an interphase consisting of the G 1 , S, and G 2 phases, which are nearly identical to the phases preceding mitosis. What is the state of DNA at the end of meiosis I? What about at the end of meiosis II? a. Mar 22, 2014 · In this video Paul Andersen explains the major phases of meiosis including: interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, interp Dec 15, 2022 · Passing on a complete set of human genes requires one chromosome from each pair to end up in each gamete. 1 pt. Chromosomes migrate to the equator of the cell and attach to the spindle fibres at their centromeres. Chromosomal crossover, or crossing over, is the exchange of genetic material during sexual reproduction between two homologous chromosomes ' non-sister chromatids that results in recombinant chromosomes. Telophase II: 4 new nuclei are formed. Discover the key features and events that occur during each stage and gain a better understanding of the complex process of meiosis. Finally, in the G 2 phase (the Jul 17, 2019 · Ed Reschke/Getty Images. Figure 7: Telophase II results in the May 6, 2024 · Mitosis has four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Nov 10, 2021 · For Employees of hospitals, schools, universities and libraries: download up to 8 FREE medical animations from Nucleus by signing up for a free trial at: htt Learn about the different stages of meiosis with this detailed diagram. e. Which diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis?-II-V-I-IV The interphase is divided into three phases; G 1 phase, the cell grows in size and makes necessary proteins in this phase. 3 Outline the process of meiosis, including pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over, followed by two divisions, which results in four haploid cells. Haploid sex cells are produced from the diploid cells in meiosis. Meiosis I is a type of cell division unique to germ cells, while meiosis II is similar to mitosis. At the end of the meiotic process, four daughter cells are produced. Meiosis II: The process of chromosome alignment differs between meiosis I and meiosis II. Interphase is an initial phase of cell division We will examine the stages of meiosis in a diploid cell where 2N = 6 Meiosis involves 2 consecutive cell divisions. During anaphase II, sister chromatids are separated. At the end of meiosis II, four haploid cells are the result The meiosis is a process of cell division by which the chromosomes are reduced from the diploid to the haploid number. Diagram for Meiosis. When telophase II is over, the two cells are entirely separated and their Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. crossing-over in which alleles are exchanged. The physical basis for the law of independent assortment lies in meiosis I of gamete formation, when homologous pairs line up in random orientations at the middle of the cell as they prepare to separate. Feb 5, 2024 · Meiosis II is also responsible for the genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms, particularly humans. Meiosis is thus divided in meiosis I and meiosis II. Mitosis ends with 2 identical cells, each with 2N chromosomes and 2X DNA content. Students compare terms such as diploid and haploid, mitosis and meiosis, and germ cells and somatic cells. During prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair and form synapses, a step unique to meiosis. Both of these daughter cells will then go on to divide once more in meiosis 2, producing 4 daughter cells, 2 with n+1 and 2 with n-1. This worksheet is intended to reinforce concepts related to meiosis and sexual reproduction. Since the DNA is duplicated only prior to the first division, the final result is 4 haploid cells: 4 Objective 1 DNA duplication during interphase Meiosis I Meiosis II Overview of meiosis in a cell where 2N = 6 After meiosis I the Nov 21, 2023 · Furthermore, meiosis occurs in 2 stages: meiosis I and meiosis II. In metaphase I, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. The G 1 phase, which is also called the first gap phase, is the first phase of the interphase and is focused on cell growth. These cells eventually differentiate into mature sperm or egg cells. Meiosis I, the first meiotic division, begins with prophase I. As sexually reproducing, diploid, multicellular eukaryotes, humans rely on meiosis to serve a number of important functions, including the promotion of genetic diversity and the creation of proper conditions for reproductive success. During prophase I, the complex of Term. The phases of meiosis I & II. In contrast to meiosis I, meiosis II resembles a normal mitosis. The end result of meiosis is four haploid daughter cells that each contain different genetic information from each other and the parent cell. The allele a gamete received for one gene does Download 174 Meiosis Diagram Stock Illustrations, Vectors & Clipart for FREE or amazingly low rates! New users enjoy 60% OFF. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs in the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis during a process called Nov 20, 2018 · Mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis. This will result in 2 aneuploid daughter cells, one with 47 chromosomes (2n+1) and the other with 45 chromosomes (2n-1). Telophase is a late stage in mitosis and meiosis, two types of cell division in eukaryotes. Refer to the drawings and answer the following question. During telophase II, the fourth step of meiosis II, the chromosomes reach opposite poles, cytokinesis occurs, the two cells produced by meiosis I divide to form four haploid daughter cells, and nuclear envelopes (white in the diagram at right) form. Phases of mitosis. New spindle fibres are formed. See diagrams of the stages of meiosis II and compare with meiosis I and mitosis. gl/uf6hh4-- DNA Replication Video: https://goo. Meiosis is specific to gamete producing cells in the gonads. Notice that these four meiocytes are genetically different from one another. Additionally, because increasing genetic diversity is a goal of meiosis but not mitosis (where all the daughter cells are identical), during prophase in meiosis, a process called recombination/crossing Overall, meiosis II resembles the mitotic division of a haploid cell. Meiosis | Definition, Process, Stages, & Diagram | Britannica Meiosis, division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each with half the number of Meiosis Consists of a Reduction Division and an Equational Division. Meiosis is where a diploid cell gives rise to haploid cells, and fertilization is where two haploid cells (gametes) fuse to form a diploid zygote. 3) Meiosis II. Table 3. See the diagrams and steps of meiosis I and meiosis II, and the differences between them. In general terms, the female gametes are referred to as eggs, but the word egg can involve various stages of Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Homologous chromosomes Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the various chromosome structures. Meiosis is preceded by an interphase consisting of the G 1, S, and G 2 phases, which are nearly identical to the phases preceding mitosis. The diagram below shows homologous chromosome during phase 1 of meiosis. If those two cells each contain one set of chromosomes, then the resulting cell contains two sets of chromosomes. Understand the processes of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and how they lead to genetic diversity and the formation of haploid cells. The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell is called its ploidy level. The production of gametes is a crucial process for sexually reproducing organisms. rv wd ur ht yc yr tx fl ib ig